CHAPTER ONE
 INTRODUCTION
The usage of antibiotics is the most essential factors that promotes the emergence, selction and dissemination of antibiotic- resistance microorganisms in both veterinary and human medicine (Daniles et al, 2009). This acquired resistance not only in pathogenic bacteria but also in the endogenous flora of exposed individuals (animals and humans).Escherichia Coli Isolated
Also, intensively reared food animals, antibiotic may be administered to whole flocks rather than individual animals, and antimicrobial agent may be continuously fed to food animals. Such as poultry, goats and cattle as growth promoters.Escherichia Coli Isolated
Furthermore, the antibiotic selection pressure for bacteria drug resistance in animal is high and invariably their feacal flora contains a relatively high proportion of resistant bacteria (Whitworth et al, 2008, Literak et al, 2010).
The mechanisms for spreading antibiotic resistance from animal to human and vice versa remains controversial. Coli from chicken has been shown in human volunteers and there is historical evidence that animals are a reservoir for Escherichia coli found in humans (Akwar et al, 2008).Escherichia Coli Isolated
Fang et al, 2008 reported that the spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in E. coli from chickens to human handles or of antibiotic microorganisms from animal to humans in various countries has been reported.Escherichia Coli Isolated
Resistance has been found in organisms common to both humans and animals such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Enterococcs among others (Davis et al, 2009). Due to the intricate balance of micro flora of different habitats within the ecosystem, the transfer of the resistance genes among bacteria occupying different habitats has the potential to occur frequently. (Call et al., 2008)
Escherichia coli is a gram negative, rod shape bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of poikilothermic (warmblooded) organisms (endolherms).Escherichia Coli Isolated