THE EFFECT OF ADMIXTURES ON PROPERTIES OF CO`NCRETE [CASE STUDIES OF SUGAR, COW BONE ASH, GROUDNUT SHELL ASH, AND LIME STONE POWDER]

Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING

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ABSTRACT

Table of Content


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page  
Declaration  
Certification  
Dedication  
Acknowledgement
Abstract    
Table of Contents 
List of Tables  
List of Figures
List of Plates 
CHAPTER ONE                                      
1.0    Introduction 
1.1    Statement of the Problem 
1.2    Aims and Objectives of the Study  
1.3    Justification of the Study  
1.4    Scope of the Study  
CHAPTER TWO
2.0    literature Review  
2.1    Concrete in Practice 
2.2    Types of Admixtures
2.3     Selected Agent
2.4     Material for concrete
2.4.1    Aggregates  
2.4.2    Cement
2.4.2.1    Physical Properties of Cement 
2.4.3       Water 
2.4.3.1    Quality of Water  
2.4.3.2     Properties of Water 
2.4.4         Curing
CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Project Methodology 
3.1    Procurement of Material 
3.2     Preparation of Material   
3.3     Material Used 
3.4     Batching of concrete  
3.5     Mixing of Concrete 
3.6    Tests  
3.6.1     Sieve Analysis Test  
3.6.2     Slump Test 
3.7    Production of Cubes
3.8     Curing of Cubes
3.9     Compressive Strength Test on Concrete Cubes
3.9.1      Procedure for Compressive Strength Test 
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Results Analysis
4.1 Sieve Analysis Test Result   
4.2 Slump Test Result 
4.3 Discussion on the Result 
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0      Conclusion 
5.1    Recommendation 
    Reference 


ABSTRACT
    The project titled “The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete: case study of sugar, cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, and lime stone powder” was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect the of the various types of admixtures used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength.
The material used are cow bone ash, groundnut shell ash, sugar and lime stone powder. The cow bone was sourced along Sobi road, Akerebiata area, Ilorin East local government area and the groundnut shell was sourced from Oja-Oba, Ilorin west local government. The cow bone was sun –dried after careful separation from flesh, tissues and fats, the ash was carried out by incinerating the bone at a temperature of 900⁰C in a furnace. Also the groundnut shell ash was obtained by burning groundnut shell on an iron sheet in the open air under normal temperature while sugar and lime stone powder were bought from market (chemical store) along Taiwo road, Ilorin Kwara state. The method adopted was; batching of concrete materials, mixing of concrete materials, production of cubes, curing of cubes (for 14days and 28days) while the test carried out during and after the concrete cubes are produced or casted are; sieve analysis test, slump test and compressive strength test.
    From the sieve analysis test carried out on both fine and coarse aggregates, it was discovered that the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) obtained are less than 4, hence they are both “well-graded” aggregates. The slump test shows that there is increase in the slump value from sugar-concrete, GSA-concrete, CBA-concrete and LP-concrete, likewise the compressive strength test increases from sugar-concrete, GSA-concrete, CBA-concrete and LP-concrete.
    Based on the result of this investigation, the conclusion I made was that admixtures affect properties of concrete like its slump value, density, compressive strength, etc  and that admixtures generally decreases the slump value of concrete which in turns decrease the workability of the concrete.I there by recommend that further research should be carried out using 20%-50% of LP, CBA and GSA as admixture at an interval of 10% for the same experiment. Also the experiment should be carried out using some other mix ratio like 1:3:6, 1:4:8 and soon.

CHAPTER 1


CHAPTER ONE
1.0.     INTRODUCTION                                                                                                         The importance of understanding various types of materials used in Civil Engineering is widely recognized. There has been tremendous increase in the latest research and practical achievement to improve on concrete technology. Free exchange for technical knowledge at international conferences in many countries and worldwide exchange of technical paper, upgrading of internet information on how concrete can be improved in a situation where needed and bulletins has led to a general polling and shifting of information and recently to the publication of many new code and standard.                 Concrete is a composite material which is formed by mixing in good proportion, cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, air and at times admixture. Freshly prepared concrete is called Wet or Green concrete. Concrete is used in substructure and superstructure work in civil engineering, for a meaningful work to take place in a construction industry, concrete must be available. However, the properties and performance of this concrete are being influenced by the introduction of some materials called admixture.             Admixtures have been in use almost since the inception of the art of concreting. It is reported that the roman builders used oxblood as an admixture in their concrete and masonry structure. Research has shown that oxblood is an excellent air entraining agent. During the early part of this century it was a common practice to add gold dust, soap to concrete as water proofing agent.        Admixtures are materials other than water, cement, aggregate and additives like pozzolana or slag and fibre reinforcement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the immediately before or during its mixing to modify or alter one or more  properties of the concrete in the plastic or hardened state.     
    Admixtures can also be said to be substances introduced into concrete mixes in order to alter or improve the property of the fresh or hindered concrete or both in general.                                      
     Admixtures are classified as either mineral admixture which may be introduced as blended materials such as fly-ash (FA), silicate fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), meta kaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA) or chemical admixture which are typically added during the mixing process of concrete production, its include accelerators, retarders, air entrainer, plasticizer or water reducer, water proofers and pigments (colourants).       
In view of the above facts the project title “the effect of admixtures on the properties of concrete”    is carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of the various types of admixture used on the properties of concrete, in term of the workability of concrete, setting     time of concrete, durability of concrete and the concrete strength. The test also compared the effect of various admixtures on the setting to the hardening time of concrete as well as the slump and trowel test to know the degree of workability.           
     The test is limited to selected admixtures as a result of time factor, likewise the properties of concrete on which the test are based are limited but the most important and most interesting area are selected such as limestone powder(LP), sugar, groundnut shell ash(GSA) and cow bone ash(CBA).
1.1.   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM        
     Not all admixtures are economical to employ on a particular project. Also some characteristic of concrete, such as low absorption, can be achieved simply by consistently adhering to high quality concreting practices.    
        The chemistry of concrete admixture is a complex topic requiring in depth knowledge and experience. A general understanding of the options available for concrete admixture is necessary for acquiring the right product for the project base on the climatic condition and project requirement.   

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