CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In our society today writing a project is all about applying the theories       learnt over the year to produce design and construct and operating system which will be capable of performing a known task.
It is from this point of view that we decided to write, design and construct this particular project which has the titles construction and design of distance proximity sensor using LDR and LEDs used in controlling the current flow in the circuit system.    
Sensors are devices used to provide information on the presence or absence of an object. It measures the closeness of body to obstacles (both animate and inanimate) that may not be visible to the driver or that the driver may yet not have realized (NEMA, 2013).
Previous researcher has discussed the proximity issue in construction including injury and fatality statistics of collisions between construction equipment and workers. Because construction projects often involve many repetitive tasks, construction workers can experience decreased awareness and loss of focus (Pratt et al. 2001, Teizer et al. 2010). Construction equipment operator visibility, specifically operator blind spots, can be a major factor in contact collisions between construction equipment and ground workers (Fullerton et al. 2009). A real-time proximity detection and warning system is needed on construction jobsites to warn equipment operators of hazardous proximity situations.
1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
The problem statements regarding this project are:
Ø The usage sensors of are on the rise from time to time but there are no cheaper design that is constructed to detect object (animate and inanimate at closed proximity.
Ø The most common type of proximity sensor is the infrared, ultrasonic types and when they are faulty component are rare to see in the market.
Ø An alternate method of designing distance proximity sensors needs to be developed to curb the scarcity of electronics for measuring distance.
Ø Scientific laboratory experiment are carried out without safety awareness, safety consciousness has to be improved in schools laboratories.