CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION
A steam boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is heated and circular, either as hot water steam, to produce a source to either heat or power. A central heating plant may have one or more boiler that use gas oil, or coal as fuel. The steam generated is used to heat building, provide hot water, and provide steam for cleaning, sterilizing, cooking and laundering operation. Small package boiler also provides steam and hot water for small building.
A careful study of his course can help you acquire useful knowledge of steam generation, types of boilers pertinent to boiler operations, various fitting commonly found on boilers, and so on. The primary objective of this chapter is to lay the foundation for you to develop skill in the operation, maintenance, and repair of boilers.
The boiler system is made up of:
 1.    Feed water system
2.    Steam system
3.    Fuel system
Are feed water system provide water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the steam demand. The water supplied to boiler that is converted to steam is called feed water the success of feed water are
1.    Condensates or condensed steam returned from the process
2.    Make up water which is the raw water which must come from outside.
Steam boilers have several strength that have made them a common feature of building. They have a long life, can achieve efficiency up to 95% or greater. Provide and effective method of heating a building and in the case of steam system required little or no pumping energy. However fuel costs can be considerable, regular maintenance is required and if maintenance is delay repair can be costly guidance for the construction, operation and maintenance of boilers is provided primary by the ASME <American society of mechanical engineers> which produce the following resources. Rule for construction of heating boiler and pressure vessel cods section IV-2007 Recommended rules for the car and operation of heating boilers, Boiler and pressure vessel code, section VII-2007. Boilers are often one of the largest energy users in a building. For every year a boiler system goes unattended boiler costs can increase approximately 10% boiler operation and maintenance is therefore a good place to start when looking for ways to reduce energy use and save money. Barry Allen (2008).
1.1    BACKGROUND OF STEAM BOILER
This paper investigates the options for green house gas emission reduction from the installation of new and retrofit high efficiency boilers, The types of boiler addressed are industrial boilers, and residential boilers, each of these boiler types have unique technological boilers, each of these boiler types have unique technological characteristics and regulatory requirement that need to be addressed to determine if an appropriate performance standard can be developed. Some boiler types have additional issue associated with leakage –primary biomas boilers, but are widely distributed in  the general population and GHG emission reduction ownership “ right” are an issue that must also be considered. This paper explores this issue and makes recommendations on if and how to proceed with GHG offset methodologies. Kara Technology Manual (2004).        
   1.2    Aim
-    Review the detrimental effects of the urban heat island phenomenon, particularly as a causative factor in promoting exceedance of air quality ozone standards, and identify mitigation alternative that may reduce the effects of the urban heat island.
-    Illustrate the difference in temperature between the urbanized center of the surrounding areas in order to identify the health island in the area region
-    Evaluate of the relationship between temperature and ozone
-    Develop a method to analyses the urban fabric of the area from aerial photographs, thus allowing the determination of the proportion of vegetative, roofed and paved surface as a function of land use.
-    Evaluates of the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies as applied to the area, with special on vegetation and paying material.