CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and increased health problems, it is commonly caused by a combination of excessive intake of food, lack of physical exercise, endocrine disorder, genetic susceptibility, medication or psychiatric illness. (Gilbert, Harness, Optiz, 2007) World Health Organization (WHO) (2009) View obesity as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health, they also noted that the main cause of obesity is as a result of imbalance in the energy taken and the energy discharged.
This means that some people on a daily basis eat more calories than their body can burn, and these may result to excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body. Not every fat individual or person is obesed because an obesed person or individual can only be determined using an instrument known as body mass index (B.M.I),So it is when a person’s weight is divided with the square of his or her height, it what remains is above 30kg/m2such individual is then considered an obesed person.
Sweeting (2007) stated that the dangers of obesity is that it increases the lifespan of various diseases, particularly heart diseases, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer and respiratory problems and that it is seen as the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. In view of this, obesity can be seen in various stages of life ranging from childhood to adulthood. Obesity is becoming much more common in childhood. Most often, it begins between the ages of five and six and above.
Childhood obesity has become a serious health challenge in many countries of the world. Recently, statistics show that 16% of children 6-11 years old are overweight, an additional 14.3% are at high risk of becoming overweight, the prevalence of overweight continues to increase during the school age and adolescent stages (Mosha and Fungo 2010). Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and teenagers. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.
Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra weight often introduce on the path of the children some health challenges such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol which was once regarded as an adult diseases. (Center for disease control and prevention 2015) Childhood obesity also has a serious and dramatic implications in individual’s health such as cardiomyopathy, pancreatitis orthopedic disorders and respiratory disorders and respiratory disorders (NIH 2007).
In short run, obesity has psychosocial effects on children where by Social isolation and low self-esteem of obese children lead to overwhelming feelings of hopelessness, which in turn lead to depression. Many obese children perform poor on academic activities because of stress and anxiety, which interfere with their learning and create a vicious circle in which the over-growing worry increases the declining academic performance.
(Lobstein 2010) Excessive weight gain is a precursor to a wide variety of physiological aberrations that ultimately predispose the person to morbidity and mortality later in life. Studies have revealed that many adult chronic and non-communication disease have their origin from childhood. (UNICEF 2011). Moreover, wasting is the opposite of obesity which indicate serious loss of body weight, a situation whereby one becomes thin and weak.
According to UNICEF (2007) Wasting is a strong predictor of Mortality among school age children under five and above. It is usually the result of acute significance food shortage or disease. Wasting which affects about 10% of all children in low- income countries, is the result of insufficient calories as well as poor quality of food, unsafe water and poor environment. Wasted children weigh far less than their counter part within the same age range. Wasting may be treated with variety of supplementary foods either with or without animal protein. However, the quality of food affects the speed of recovery and if not well sustained May likely occur. In extreme cases, wasted children suffered severe acute malnutrition, a life threatening condition.