CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Breastfeeding is the process of feeding an infant mother's milk, either through direct nipple-baby mouth contact or by expressed breast milk. Breast milk is classified into two types: colostrum, which is the initial yellowish and sticky milk produced from the mother's breasts from 37 weeks of gestation to about seven days after delivery, and mature milk, which is whitish in color and is produced effectively from about the tenth day after delivery (Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. 2014).
According to Bartick, ,& Reinhold, (2010), clinicians understand the importance of breast feeding for infant health in developing nations, but they may be unaware of the potential long-term health benefits for mothers and newborns in affluent countries, particularly in connection to obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, and cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends six months of exclusive breast feeding (breast milk exclusively, no water, other fluids, or meals), followed by two years of complementary breast feeding. This proposal has been adopted by governments in Nigeria, United Kingdom etc., but it also poses a significant issue for countries such as Nigeria and the United States, where breast feeding rates have been low for decades and can appear astonishingly resistant to change (Bartick, et al 2010).
Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is critical to ensuring children's optimal growth, health, and development. Breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for an infant, and it has been acknowledged internationally that nursing is healthy for both the mother and child. Breast milk is essential for the health and well-being of newborn infants. Breast-fed newborns grow faster, experience less sickness, and die at a lower rate than non-breast-fed infants (John, 2005). Breastfeeding is a natural technique of infant feeding that involves two primary methods: exclusive and partial, with the latter being the more popular. Nonetheless, exclusivity is the most absolute and appropriate design with the greatest domino effect. However, for the desired outcome, a good mental, emotional, and physical teamwork between the mother and her newborn is required (Narzary, 2009).
Breastfeeding promotes the involution of the uterus and, as a result, the quick recovery of uterine tone in the mother. It fosters a warm link between mother and kid. It is affordable, which is vital in the Third World, and it is convenient. Finally, because of the prolactin-raising action of nipple stimulation, nursing postpones the return of normal ovarian function and so lengthens the time between deliveries (Otoide, Oronsaye,& Okonofua, 2001).
This latter impact also benefits the infant by reducing the risk of a new pregnancy displacing the child from the breast. Weaning foods are grossly inadequate in many impoverished nations, and children who are weaned too soon are at risk of suffering different protein-calorie deficiencies, such as kwashiorkor1 and marasmus, which cause overall debilitation, stopped development, wasting, and, in some cases, death. Children who are breast-fed are more likely to survive than those who are not in areas where medical facilities are limited or non-existent (Otoide, et al 2001).