CHAPTER 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Occupational Health as defined by the joint committee of the ILO/WHO (1950) is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupation. It is further explained as the sum total of all activities and programs that are engaged upon, aiming to attain and maintain the highest level of health and safety for all people who are engaged in any type of work whatever. It involves the protection of workers’ health from any hazard to which they may be exposed to in the work environment. It is a preventive and proactive approach which involves risk assessment, hazard identification, hazard mitigation, hazard elimination and treatment of work-related injuries.   There is a plethora of hazards (safety and health hazards) which people are exposed to in their jobs; from the formal industries (banking, oil and gas, textile, agricultural, construction, food and beverage etc.) to the informal (logging & sawmill, roadside mechanic, carpentry, local welders, pepper grinders, market traders etc.). Exposure to these hazards occurs for fairly long hours on a daily basis as the majority of the active hours of the day is spent at work (0800hours to 1600hours or 0900hours to 1700hours); at least 8 hours per day. These hazards include chemical, biological, physical, mechanical, psychological and ergonomic hazards. For any person affected, it could be either or a couple of the various forms of hazard. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) activities are multifaceted and multidisciplinary. It relates to the effects of the working environment on the health and safety of workers, and also to the influence of the workers” health on their ability to perform their job tasks. Its approach is preventive, rather than curative. SOME BENEFITS OF OHS .It is preventive and proactive in approach as it foresees, identifies and prevents hazards before they turn to bad occurrences with unexpected or unpredictable consequences. Prevention is effective, always better and less costly than treatment and rehabilitation (curative) ;Ensures workers” health is not adversely affected by their work & work is not affected in return by poor health (mutual benefit) ;Fosters healthy workforce leading to increased productivity for the business owner and the economy at large (Workers well-being vs. productivity). Healthy workers are essential to the success of any organization, and are the best assets in any industry ;It also reduces work-related sickness absence. This is an invaluable cost-saving benefit to employers. Sickness absence is one of the main causes of economic loss to employers due to lost productivity/output/man-hour loss, and time and resources spent on sickness absence management ;It helps businesses to attain compliance with the relevant laws. It also helps businesses to save cost by reducing potential claims and litigations ;A business organization that is successful with the health and welfare of its workers enjoys goodwill (betters company image) which gives such business an edge. Some companies will only award contracts to contractors with health and safety provisions. It is another way of caring (health protection) for the public’s health. Most of the health problems that people generally suffer from can be traced to work/job tasks (e.g. low back ache, respiratory problems, deafness, infertility, cancers etc.) THE STAKEHOLDERS IN OHS IN NIGERIA AND THEIR ROLES INCLUDES GovernmentLegislature: to pass the bill and make the relevant laws  Executives (ministry of health, ministry of labour, ministry of environment): to set up relevant agencies, make policies and implement the OHS regulations. Employers or business owners (government and organized private sector): to comply with the OHS regulations and also give useful feedbacks Employees: to comply with OHS regulations and perform their responsibilities Academic institutions: to carry out continuous educational training and researches in OHS ;OHS professionals: to help the government and public with professional advice and enlightenment, and also carry out the actual implementation of the OHS functions/duties WHY IS OHS NOT YET IN OPERATION IN NIGERIA ;OHS is legislation-driven but there are no proper OHS law/regulations in Nigeria. What operate are the old and obsolete factory laws which are limited in scope, and are not even implemented Lack of political will by the politicians and stakeholders to pass relevant laws and follow through its implementation. This may be due to their lack of knowledge about OHS There is need for our politicians, both the executives and legislators to really have the full grasp of OHS. This is necessary for developing the political will needed for the passage of the necessary OHS laws and their implementation ;Ignorance/lack of awareness: many people (employers, employees and the general public) do not understand what OHS is. They ignorantly and simply see it as operating staff clinic or sick bay where sick and injured staffs can be treated and first aid administered (reactive approach). OHS is beyond that; its main approach is proactive and preventive, which is cheaper than the curative. Furthermore, many people believe OHS is meant for the large scale, multinational and oil industries only Many employers do not understand how OHS can add value to their business; hence they see it as unnecessary. They see it as a cost-burden rather than cost-saving OHS is not emphasized in the training of health professionals in the country; hence there are not much professionals or specialists in the field There are very few academics and universities that teach courses in OHS (with population approx. 200 million) WHY NIGERIA NEEDS OHS ;A major credo of OHS which should never be compromised is that no business or job activity is   worth doing at the expense of people’s health and safety. Therefore, people’s health and safety must be put first, and provisions for such must be made before any business activity commences. That is why it is always said that ‘safety first’. (People: refers to workers, worksite visitors and the public who may be affected by the work activities) If Nigeria gets it right; Africa gets it right.