CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common health problem among pregnant women (Saidi et al ,2005). This usually begins in week 6 and peaks during week 22 to 24 of pregnancy due to a number of factors including ureteral dilatation, increased bladder Volume and decreased  bladder  tone.  Along with decreased  ureteral tone which contributes to increased urinary stasis and ureterovesical reflux (chaliha et al, 2002). Up to 70% of pregnant women develop glyucosuria, which encouraged bacteria growth in the urine (AI.  Issa, 2009). It may manifest as Asympromatic  bacteriuria (ASB) or symptomic Bacteriuria (SB).  The  prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria UTI has been previously reported to be 2% to 13% in pregnant women (Delzell et al, 2000).  Compared with that of symptomatic Bacteriuria in (UTI) which occur in 1-18% during pregnancy. Urinary tract infection (UTI) during pregnancy may cause complications such as Pyelonephritis, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, anaemia, chronic renal failure premature delivery and foetal mortality.
(Dwyer, et al 2002). The incidence of these complications can be decreased by treating promptly Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ASB) and Symptomatic (SB) during pregnancy due to the potential adverse sequelea of Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Most  clinic perform routine urinalysis of midstream urine specimen  during one or more antenatal clinic (ANC) visits (Smaill 2007). However, culture and antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing are needed for  surveillar purposes  to guide the clinician on the proper management and prevent empirical  treatment of pregnant women with (ASB) and  (SB).
 A limited spectrum of organisms cause UTI and these include Escherichia Coli, which accounts  for the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infection Isolates.  (crupta, et al, 2001). Others are Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, Klebsiella  Spp, Proteus Spp, Enterococcus  Spp and Enterobacter  Spp (Massinde, , et al  2009).
Data  on the current distribution and antimicrobial Isolates from pregnant women in Tanania is limited .
Urinary tract infections refer to the presence of microbial pathogen within the urinary tract and it is  usually  classified by the infection site, bladder (Cystitis), kidney (Pyelonephritis or urine (Bacteria) and also can be a Asymptomatic or symptomatic  (UTI) that occur in a normal genitourinary tract with no prior instrumentation are considered as “Uncomplication” whereas “Complicated” Infections are diagnosed in genitourinary tracts  that have  structural or functional abnormalities Urethral catheters, and are  frequently asymptomatic  (3,4)  (kriptke, 2005).