PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF CLAM (BIVALVIA SPECIES)
ABSTRACT
The proximate analysis of clam (bivalvia species) were studied. Freshly caught samples were purchased from Okwagbe waterside while cultured clams were harvested from the Department of Fisheries experimental tanks after culture for eight weeks. Data obtained in triplicates was subjected to analysis of variance.
The proximate composition of cultured Bivalvia specieswas significantly different (p<0.05) from the wild. The highest essential amino acid was leucine (cultured clams) and the lowest threonine (wild clams) while the highest non-essential amino acid was glutamic acid in the cultured clams and the lowest was proline in the clams from the wild. Amino acid in cultured clams significantly differed (p<0.05) from those in the wild. Higher concentrations were found for calcium, potassium and magnesium in soft tissues and sodium in shell for wild samples except zinc in both soft tissues and shell and sodium in soft tissue for cultured samples.
There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the concentration of minerals in both the soft tissue and shell of cultured and wild clams. The higher proximate and amino acid composition in cultured clams and higher metal concentrations in the wild reinforce the fact that clams are rich sources of animal proteins and trace metals.
CHAPTER 1
Nigeria is among the protein and minerals deficient nations in the world. A sufficient amount of dietary protein, required for survival, growth and development, reproduction and maintenance of good health, is in short supply in the country. To salvage this situation, shellfish can serve as an alternative source of proteins and minerals for man. Shellfishes are aquatic invertebrates with shells. They can be divided into two groups namely; molluscs and crustaceans. Examples of molluscs are cephalopods (squid, octopus, and cuttlefish); gastropods (snails and slugs) and bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops). Molluscs are delicious and rich in protein. Their nutritive value can be assessed by estimating the levels of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in their body tissues. Bivalve molluscs like mussels, clams and oysters constitute highly nutritive seafood with an increasing demand and source of income in international markets (Fuentes et al., 2009; Karnjanapratum et al., 2013; Orban et al., 2002, 2006; Pogoda et al., 2013). Shellfish meat, particularly clam meat have been recommended in several dietary regimes for their high protein content, low calorific values, low fat/cholesterol profile and lower proportions of saturated fat, the presence of good lipids, significant amounts of omega-3-fatty acids, dietary essential amino acids, vitamin B12 and some important minerals such as iron, zinc and copper has been reported (Krzynowek et al., 1989 and Dong, 2001).
Bivalvia speciesis a fresh water clam inhabiting the lower reaches of some large West African rivers (Udoidiong and Akpan, 1991). Despite its popularity as a cheap source of animal protein in Nigeria, studies on proximate composition, amino acid and trace metal concentration are limited. There is paucity of the knowledge especially of the nutritional values of E. radiata, so consumption of these nutrient rich molluscs is restricted to communities to communities situated along coastal States. Hence, there is need to determine nutrient compositions of clams with the view of creating awareness on the nutritional benefits of consuming them. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition, amino acid and the trace metals of clams from different sources.
Departments
- Accounting Projects [85]
- Accounting And Management Projects [6]
- Accounting Education Projects [1]
- Adult And Primary Education Projects [6]
- Agricultural And Bio-environmental Engineering Technology Projects [8]
- Agricultural Economics And Extension Projects [57]
- Agricultural Engineering Projects [3]
- Agricultural Technology Projects [1]
- Agriculture Projects [104]
- Agriculture Education Projects [3]
- Anatomy Projects [1]
- Architecture Projects [28]
- Banking And Finance Projects [53]
- Basic Medical Sciences Projects [1]
- Biochemistry Projects [25]
- Biological Sciences Projects [46]
- Biology Education Projects [13]
- Botany Projects [3]
- Building Projects [58]
- Business Administration Projects [151]
- Business Studies Projects [76]
- Chemical Engineering Projects [24]
- Chemistry Education Projects [3]
- Civil Engineering Projects [80]
- Community Health Projects [35]
- Computer Education Projects [6]
- Computer Engineering Projects [28]
- Computer Science Projects [138]
- Construction Engineering And Management Projects [1]
- Cooperative Economics Projects [0]
- Cooperative Economics And Management Projects [2]
- Criminology Projects [68]
- Cyber Security Projects [2]
- Data Science Projects [1]
- Economics Projects [107]
- Economics Education Projects [1]
- Education Projects [189]
- Educational Foundation Projects [9]
- Educational Management Projects [44]
- Electrical/electronics Engineering Projects [140]
- English Education Projects [14]
- English Language Projects [6]
- English Language And Literature Projects [18]
- Entrepreneurship Projects [7]
- Environmental Science Projects [79]
- Epidemiology And Community Health Projects [2]
- Estate Management Projects [40]
- Fashion & Design Projects [1]
- Fine Art Projects [1]
- Food And Nutrition Projects [2]
- Food Science And Technology Projects [52]
- Geography Projects [24]
- Geography Education Projects [4]
- Government And Public Administration Projects [1]
- Guidance And Counselling Projects [132]
- Health Education Projects [9]
- Health Information Management Projects [3]
- History And International Studies Projects [3]
- Human Kinetics And Healthy Education Projects [2]
- Human Resources Management Projects [111]
- Industrial Relations And Personnel Management Projects [58]
- Information And Communication Technology Projects [2]
- Institute Of Education Projects [1]
- Insurance And Risk Management Projects [1]
- International Relations Projects [55]
- Islamic Studies Projects [3]
- Law Projects [21]
- Leisure And Tourism Management Projects [2]
- Library And Information Science Projects [85]
- Linguistics Projects [104]
- Marketing Projects [78]
- Mass Communication Projects [188]
- Mathematics Projects [3]
- Mathematics Education Projects [1]
- Mechanical Engineering Projects [86]
- Medical And Health Science Projects [82]
- Medical Laboratory Science Projects [2]
- Medical Radiography Projects [2]
- Medicine And Surgery Projects [2]
- Metallurgical Engineering Projects [2]
- Microbiology Projects [120]
- Minerals And Petroleum Resources Engineering Projects [32]
- Mining Engineering Techology Projects [2]
- Nursing And Nidwiffery Projects [124]
- Office Technology Management Projects [104]
- Parasitology And Entomology Projects [3]
- Petroleum Engineering Projects [3]
- Pharmacy Projects [18]
- Philosophy Projects [111]
- Physics Projects [3]
- Physiology Projects [1]
- Political Science Projects [123]
- Primary Education Projects [5]
- Project Management Projects [1]
- Psychology Projects [61]
- Psychology Education Projects [1]
- Public Administration Projects [123]
- Public Health Projects [100]
- Purchasing And Supply Projects [112]
- Pure And Industrial Chemistry Projects [8]
- Quantity Surveying Projects [59]
- Science Education Projects [4]
- Science Laboratory Technic Projects [108]
- Science Laboratory Technology (stl) Projects [21]
- Secretarial Administration Projects [40]
- Sex Education Projects [2]
- Social Studies Projects [8]
- Sociology Projects [126]
- Statistics Projects [107]
- Surveying And Geoinformatics Projects [4]
- Theology Projects [9]
- Transportation And Management Projects [3]
- Urban & Regional Planning Projects [1]
- Value Engineering Projects [1]
- Vocational Education Projects [1]
- Zoology Projects [1]